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In vitro è un'espressione del significato latino "in vetro" e si riferisce alla tecnica di eseguire una determinata procedura in un ambiente controllato al di fuori di un organismo vivente.

I test in vitro possono essere eseguiti su una vasta gamma di cellule di tessuto umano o animale e deve essere selezionato il materiale biologico più adatto allo scopo del test.

La vitalità e / o la proliferazione cellulare possono essere valutate contando il numero di cellule, usando coloranti vitali, incorporando radioisotopi, formando colonie, adesione cellulare, prodotti del metabolismo, tra gli altri parametri.

Attualmente, questo tipo di test viene spesso utilizzato nello sviluppo di medicinali, nutraceutici, alimenti funzionali e cosmetici in quanto consente:

• rilevare proprietà tossiche e loro meccanismi
• incorporazione di materiale umano nei test
• identificare e quantificare i componenti bioattivi e i loro metaboliti
• riconoscere i meccanismi di azione, assorbimento, biodisponibilità, metabolismo e attività biologica

Gli studi in vitro sono fondamentali per il processo di sviluppo di questo tipo di prodotti grazie alla sua capacità di fornire una base per prevedere i risultati clinici del prodotto (o dei suoi componenti), incluso il suo successo o fallimento in vivo.

Le analisi vengono eseguite nelle prime fasi del processo di scoperta, quando vengono stabilite la selettività e le possibili interazioni del composto studiato in relazione al target terapeutico desiderato.

Questi studi analizzano l'assorbimento, la distribuzione, il metabolismo e l'escrezione dei farmaci, che consente una valutazione delle loro prestazioni, tossicità, efficacia ed effetti collaterali.
I laboratori utilizzano preferibilmente test in vitro a causa dei seguenti vantaggi:

  • Non richiede animali o esseri umani
  • Assenza di restrizioni etiche
  • Evitare la necessità di presentare protocolli sugli animali
  • Evitare / ridurre la necessità di personale di laboratorio con esperienza nella manipolazione di animali
  •  Meno problemi di sicurezza
  •  Costo inferiore
  •  Più veloce

I test in vitro non sostituiscono completamente i test sugli animali, ma contribuiscono a ridurre il numero di animali utilizzati nello screening di nuovi prodotti.
Il problema con lo studio in vitro è che non è una rappresentazione completa della risposta di un animale o di un essere umano al prodotto.

Il corpo umano è molto più complesso di una semplice coltura cellulare, quindi c'è una grande differenza tra un composto iniettato in una cellula e lo stesso composto somministrato a un essere umano. Inoltre, gli studi in vitro non possono prevedere completamente l'influenza che questo componente avrà sugli organi e sui sistemi o l'interazione con gli altri. Per questo, sono necessari studi in vivo per chiarire tutte queste informazioni mancanti prima di condurre studi clinici.





References
1. Barrela, C., Roque, J.; Silva, T. Métodos alternativos à experimentação animal na indústria de cosméticos. [http:// www.fmv.utl.pt/democ/sft/ sem0001/G23.html]. 16 janeiro 2002.
2. Borenfreund, E.; Babich, H.; Martin-Alguacil, N. Comparisons of two in vitro cytotoxicity assays- the neutral red (NR) and tetrazolium MTT tests. Toxicol. In Vitro, 2 (1): 1-6, 1988. 
3. Borenfreund, E.; Puerner, J.A. A simple quantitative procedure using monolayer cultures for cytotoxicity assays (HTD/NR-90). J. Tissue Cult. Methods, 9 (1): 7-9, 1984.
4. Brantom, P.G. et al. A summary report of the COLIPA international validation study on alternatives to the Draize rabbit eye irritation test. Toxicol. In Vitro, 11: 141-79, 1997.
5. Áurea Silveira CRUZ, Maria Luisa BARBOSA, Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli PINTO. Testes in vitro como alternativa aos testes in vivo de Draize. Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz, 63(1):1-9, 2004
6. Katherine Brake , Ashwini Gumireddy, Amit Tiwari, Harsh Chauhan and Dunesh Kumari. In vivo Studies for Drug Development via Oral Delivery: Challenges, Animal Models and Techniques. Pharm Anal Acta 2017, 8:9.
7. Pearson, R. M. (1986). In-vitro techniques: can they replace animal testing?*. Human Reproduction, 1(8), 559–560.






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